In-situ instruments and measuring techniques

• The nature of oceanographic measurements
• Platforms
• Measuring techniques for oceanic motions
• Current sensors and current meters for Eulerian measurements
• Current meters with hydrodynamic sensors
  • Rotating elements and current vanes
  • Drag force sensors
  • Hydrodynamic pressure sensors
  • Heat transport sensors
• Current meters based on general effects of motion
  • Electromagnetic induction by the Earth magnetic field
  • Electromagnetic current sensors
  • Acoustic Doppler effect
  • Optical Doppler effect
  • Travel time current meters
• Elevation of the sea surface
• Variables of state
  • Temperature
  • Conductivity
  • Pressure
  • STD/CTD-instrumentation
• Basic methods of observation
  • Observations at grid points
  • Lagrangian observations
• References